Friday, October 3, 2014

Book Review: Critical Generations – Out of the Succession Dilemma of Chinese Family Businesses (关键世代:走出华人家族企业传承之困) by Prof. Joseph P. H. Fan

In my research and investing I stress three things: people, structure and value.  I look for companies that are controlled and managed by quality people, have corporate structures that align minority and majority shareholder interests and trade at valuations that are below intrinsic levels if not outright cheap.

Academia is one of my favorite sources for information on corporate leaders and business structures.  There are a handful of academics in various business sub-disciplines that look at corporate structure, and objectively research leaders' backgrounds and relationships.  While most write for entrepreneurs and a public policy audience, many times their studies contain helpful information for investors.

Professor Joseph Fan who works at the Chinese University of Hong Kong is one such expert.  Individually and with others he has authored and published many studies and articles on what works and does not for family owned businesses in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mainland China and other Asian countries. (Prof. Fan's research and personal homepage is here).

This book – like many of his other studies – is geared more toward helping entrepreneurs and wealthy families structure with their succession plans.  Intergenerational gaps many times leato failing businesses, broken extended families and sometimes both.

While investors are not the target audience Critical Generations does contain some interesting observations:

  • Many companies listed in greater China are still led by the founder. In many instances the founder is quite old and close to retirement age. The next ten years will see a lot of changes in corporate leadership as their founders and key builders step down (at least the ten years after the book’s 2012 publish date).
  • Share prices decrease in anticipation of the founder leaving the company.  In a study that looked at 250 family-owned companies listed betweeen 1980 to 2000 in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, Prof. Fan found that share prices decreased over 50% in the five years before the founder retired.
  • The transition does not mark the end of share price fall.  In the five years before and three years after the succession, the market value of 200 family owned listcos in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan went down by 60% on averageIn other words, if an investor bought shares valued at $100 five years before the succession, the value of their shares would be reduced to an average of $40 three years after the succession.  Hong Kong companies dropped the most losing some 80% on average with Taiwan and Singapore family owned companies falling about 40% and 20% respectively.
  • Founders bring intangible benefits. Owing to their personal attributes such as creativity, leadership style, craftsmanship, and personal connections with company stakeholders, the founder is a major ‘intangible’ asset and many times the essential asset.  Think of Li Ka-Shing and Steve Jobs Prof. Fan writes.  The book goes on to note that rarely does the company do better under the second generation than it did under the founder.
  • Market notices the passing of founder.  Not all successions result in a decline in market value. In some cases, the passing or a rumor circulating around the poor health of the leader leads to positive market response.  A year after the Hong Kong industrialist Lim Por Yen passed away in 2005share price of his Lai Sun group companies increased by some 50%(For a more recent example, Sincere’s shares increased by 40% after its founder’s death – see article here).
  • Political connections hurt in China.  In another study Prof. Fan tracked the post-IPO performance of 630 state-owned Chinese enterprises.  He found that firms with politically connected CEOs (i.e. CEOs who are current or former government officials) on average exhibited a 40% loss on market-adjusted stock returns over the three-years subsequent to their IPOs, while those without politically connected CEOs deteriorated by just 10%.
  • In contrast government connections can help in Thailand.  Prof. Fan’s study on prestigious Thai-Chinese families reveals that a marriage between the offspring of government officials and business leaders led to a 4% increase in the family firm’s market value. Contrastingly marriage to ordinary families contributed nothing to the share price.
  • Trust-held companies trade at lower valuations. Fan’s research finds that among 216 family owned listcos in Hong Kong, one-third are controlled by trusts, but the performance of these companies is no better than those that are directly controlled by family members.  Financial performance of businesses that are controlled by trusts tend to be worse off when family members have a dispute.
    • During the financial crisis the price-to-book value of businesses held directly by family members fell to 0.97 while for businesses controlled by trusts the ratio fell to 0.87.
    • Companies controlled by trusts are more reluctant to invest on improving business efficiency, and have slower growth rate in the number of employees and sales.
    • Family owned companies controlled by the trust structure tend to distribute more dividends. 
  • More firms to use capital markets to spread wealth.  If greater China entrepreneurs take Professor Fan’s advice, there should be a lot more public companies. He wrote that a stock market listing is a good way to distribute ownership to family members. 
The above bullet points account for a small part of the book.  The bulk of it provides research, insights and tools families can use to improve their structure and, with luck and foresight, the firm’s transition to the next generation.

Note that the book was originally written in Chinese, although several of Prof. Fan’s studies have been published in English.  My very capable assistant JC Ho read and summarized the Chinese version from which this blog post is based.

Critical Generations can be ordered from the Chinese University of Hong Kong (link is here)

Prof. Fan’s new book The Family Business Map: Assets and Roadblocks in Long Term Planning is in English and is due to be published toward the end of October 2014 (link here).


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